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The word Sāmic is taken to mean three notes. Sāmic songs for the first time used three notes. Gāthik songs were hymns in praise of deities and used two notes, e.g. This kind of chanting was well suited to Havana, Mantra-pātha and Japa Ārchika songs were sung on the basis of just one note, e.g. This indicates that initially only three or four notes were used for Sāmagāna. In Naradiya Shiksha the seven notes of Sāma are First, Second, Third, Fourth, Mandra, Krushta and Atiswāra. They are so conceived, because the telling notes of the voice in its upper register, and this presents itself, therefore as the starting point for a vocal scale." The Sāyana#-bhāshya (critique) on Sāma-vidhāna Brāhmana establishes that note of Sāma were of nidhana prakriti (diminishing nature) and followed a descending order. Shri Satvalekar in preface to Sāmaveda Samhita has given the following table of songs.įox Strangways in Music of Hindustan says, "Vocal scales are conceived downwards. There is a difference in number of songs attributed to different branches. Oohya-gāna ऊह्यगान: Pragath-s created for yajna on basis of Rahasyageyo-gāna. Ooh-gān: Pragatha-s specially created for yajna on basis of Gramgeyo-gāna. Gramgeyo-gāna: Sung in villages or towns.Īranyageya-gāna: Practiced in solitude of forest. (Caland in preface to PanchaVimshaBrahmin) The Sanskrit root ooh means 'to modify according to need'. Sām created on richa-s of Uttarārchik are known as Ooha-gāna.ऊहगान् Sāma created on richa-s of Āranyak Samhita are termed Aranya-gāna अरण्यागान or Aranyageya-gāna अरण्यगेयोगान्. The collections of suitably modified richa-s are known as Gāna-grantha. Ārchika grantha (treatises) contains hymns that are yoni or base to Gāna or singing. Relationship of Ārchika and Gāna-grantha In 'Sāmatarpana' there are a maximum of 13 Āchārya-s but today there are only three branches. Patanjali's statement, "sahasravartma samvedaha" सहस्रवर्त्म समवेदः gives rises to speculation that there were a thousand branches of Sām, while he poetically indicated there could be a thousand ways in which Sāma could be sung. अरण्यक सम्हिता It is merely a collection of verses that could be sung.
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उत्तरार्चिक It has 1225 richa-s contained in 9 Prapāthaka-s, first five having two ardha-s each and the remaining four having three ardha-s each. A collection of ten (here, hymns) is called a Dashati. The bulk being based on Rigveda is known as Ārchika. Ārchika.आर्चिक् Only a few hymns in Sāma Veda Samhita were not based upon richa-s taken from Rigveda. Calcutta: Sangeet Research Academy, 1994, pp. 35 – 72) In musicological parlance Sāma Veda has taken mātu (words) from Rigveda and provided dhātu (notes) to these words. The richā-s or hymns of Rigveda are called yoni or ādhāra as they form the base of Sāmagān. Hence Sāma is composition of words in Rigvedic hymns into notes. Sāma is singing of hymns from Rigveda alone and not from other Veda-s. 4 Relationship of Ārchika and Gāna-grantha.